W B Langdon's Papers

W.B.Langdon . 11 January 2025

Go to Books, Plenary Talks, papers (2025 ,2024 ,2023 ,2022 ,2021 ,2020 ,2019 ,2018 ,2017 ,2016 ,2015 ,2014 ,2013 ,2012 ,2011 ,2010 ,2009 ,2008 ,2007 ,2006 ,2005 ,2004 ,2003 ,2002 ,2001 ,2000 ,1999 ,1998 ,1997 ,1996 ,1995 ,Electricity Network Scheduling), (informal) joint papers.

BibTeX references of all my genetic programming papers can be found by clicking here.

Books

• A Field Guide to Genetic Programming, R. Poli and W. B. Langdon and N. F. McPhee, with contributions by J.R. Koza, lulu.com, 2008. 250 pages.

• Foundations of Genetic Programming, W. B. Langdon and R. Poli, Springer, 2002. 274 pages.

• Genetic Programming and Data Structures, W. B. Langdon, Kluwer, 1998, 292 pages. (slides).

Edited Books, Proceedings and Events

• 2017-2025 "Humies" Awards
• 63^rd Crest Open Workshop COW63 Genetic Improvement and Software Specialisation, Justyna Petke, Federica Sarro, W.B. Langdon, Giovani Guizzo, James Callan, CREST Centre, Department of Computer Science, UCL, 27-28 March 2023.
• (helper) 12-14^th Genetic Improvement workshops (2023 '24 '23) at ICSE 2023 '24 '25
• 11^th Genetic Improvement Workshop (GI @ GECCO 2022), Bobby R. Bruce and Vesna Nowack and Aymeric Blot and Emily Winter and W. B. Langdon and Justyna Petke, 9 July 2022.
• 10^th Genetic Improvement Workshop (GI 2021 @ ICSE), Justyna Petke and Bobby R. Bruce and Yu Huang and Aymeric Blot and Westley Weimer and W. B. Langdon, 30 May 2021. PDF
• 6^th Genetic Improvement Workshop (GI 2019 @ ICSE) Justyna Petke and Shin Hwei Tan and William B. Langdon and Westley Weimer. PDF
• 4^th Genetic Improvement Workshop (GI 2018 @ ICSE) Justyna Petke and Kathryn Stolee and William B. Langdon and Westley Weimer. PDF
• Genetic Improvement of Software: Report from Dagstuhl Seminar 18052, Justyna Petke and Claire Le Goues and Stephanie Forrest and William B. Langdon PDF
• David R. White and William B. Langdon and Justyna Petke and Westley Weimer, editors Genetic Improvement 2017 Workshop, GI-2017 at GECCO 2017 Berlin, 15 July 2017.
• CEC 2016 special sessions on Genetic Improvement of Software GI@CEC
• William B. Langdon and Justyna Petke and David R. White, editors Genetic Improvement 2015 Workshop, GI-2015, at GECCO 2015, Madrid, 12 July 2015
• GECCO 2014 Vancouver GP track
• Applications of Evolutionary Computation: EvoPAR 2012, LNCS 7248, April 11-13, Spain. BibTeX.
• Hans-Georg Beyer W. B. Langdon, editors, Foundations of Genetic Algorithms XI, FOGA-2011, Schwarzenberg, Austria, 5-9 Jan 2011. BibTeX.

•     
• W. B. Langdon, E. Cantu-Paz, K. Mathias, R. Roy, D. Davis, R. Poli, K. Balakrishnan, V. Honavar, G. Rudolph, J. Wegener, L. Bull, M. A. Potter, A. C. Schultz, J. F. Miller, E. Burke, N. Jonoska editors, Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, GECCO-2002 held in New York, 9-13th July 2002, (BibTeX). Papers.

• L. Spector and E. Goodman and A. Wu and W. B. Langdon and H.-M. Voigt and M. Gen and S. Sen and M. Dorigo and S. Pezeshk and M. Garzon and E. Burke editors, Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, GECCO-2001 held in San Francisco, 7-11th July 2001, (BibTeX) Amazon Papers.

• Julian F. Miller, Marco Tomassini, Pier Luca Lanzi, Conor Ryan, Andrea G. B. Tettamanzi and W. B. Langdon, editors, Proceedings of EuroGP2001, the 4th European Conference on Genetic Programming held at Lake Como, Italy, 18-20th April 2001, LNCS volume 2038. (BibTeX)

• Riccardo Poli, Wolfgang Banzhaf, William B. Langdon, Julian Miller, Peter Nordin, and Terence C. Fogarty, editors, The proceedings of EuroGP2000, the 3rd European Conference on Genetic Programming held in Edinburgh, 15-16th April 2000, Springer Verlag LNCS volume 1802.

• Lee Spector, W. B. Langdon, Una-May O'Reilly, and Peter J. Angeline, editors. Advances in Genetic Programming 3. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, May 1999.

• Riccardo Poli, Peter Nordin, William B. Langdon, and Terence C. Fogarty, editors, Genetic Programming, Proceedings of EuroGP'99, volume 1598 of LNCS, Goteborg, Sweden, 26-27 May 1999. Springer-Verlag.

• Thomas Haynes, William B. Langdon and Una-May O'Reilly and Riccardo Poli and Justinian Rosca, editors Foundations of Genetic Programming 13 July, Orlando, Florida, USA. GECCO'99 workshop.

• W. B. Langdon, Riccardo Poli, Peter Nordin, and Terry Fogarty, editors. Late-Breaking Papers of EuroGP-99, Goteborg, Sweden, 26-27 May 1999. (Available as CWI technical report SEN-R9913).

• Riccardo Poli, W. B. Langdon, Marc Schoenauer, Terry Fogarty, and Wolfgang Banzhaf, Late Breaking Papers at EuroGP'98: the First European Workshop on Genetic Programming.
  This booklet is available as technical report CSRP-98-10 (33MB you may want to save PDF to disk and then read it back.) from the School of Computer Science, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.

Keynote Talks

• GECCO 2024 Workshop on Graph-based Genetic Programming, "Evolutionary Robustness", 14 July 2024. video slides
• Genetic Programming Theory and Practice, "Optimal Oracles and GP", 17 November 2022. video slides
• Emergent and Self-Adaptive Systems: Theory and Practice, Lancaster University, 19-20 October 2017. slides etc.
• SSBSE 2015 7^th International Symposium on Search-Based Software Engineering, Bergamo, Italy, 5-7 September. Paper, slides etc.
• SYNASC 2014 16^th International Symposium on Symbolic and Numeric Algorithms for Scientific Computing, Timisoara, Romania, September 22-25, 2014. 14-19, Post-proceedings. IEEE. pdf. DOI
• Artificial Evolution 2013, 11^th Biennial International Conference on Artificial Evolution (EA-2013) 21-23 October, Bordeaux. slides Invited preface.
• MENDEL 2012, 18^th International Conference on Soft Computing, June 27-29, Brno. slides PDF
• JET 13, Meeting of evolutionary computing society of France, Rene Descartes University, Paris. 25 November, 2004 slides
• Hybrid Information Systems (HIS02) Santiago, 1-4 December, 2002. Abstract
• 8th Iberoamerican Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IBERAMIA) Seville, November 12-15th, 2002. Abstract

Papers

2025

• The gem5 C++ glibc Heap Fitness Landscape, William B. Langdon and Bobby R. Bruce. In GI @ ICSE 2025 workshop on Genetic Improvement, Accepted, 27 April, Ottawa. PDF

2024

• Deep Imperative Mutations have Less Impact, W.B. Langdon and David Clark, Automated Software Engineering. DOI PDF SN
• Sustaining Evolution for Shallow Embodied Intelligence, W.B. Langdon and Daniel Hulme, In EI 2024 but for production reasons published in EI 2023 proceedings, IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 1321 (2024) 012007. DOI PDF (slides presented at Stirling University 18 October 2024)
• Implicit Test Oracles for Quantum Computing, W.B. Langdon, ArXiv 2409.14076. PDF
• ``Lost Gems'' ICGA 1985: Proceedings of an International Conference on Genetic Algorithms and their Applications, W.B. Langdon, SIGEVOlution 17(3) PDF See http://gpbib.cs.ucl.ac.uk/icga/
• Generating Trust, W. B. Langdon, Communications of the ACM, 2024, 67(6) page 8. DOI
• The 13^th International Workshop on Genetic Improvement (GI @ ICSE 2024), William B. Langdon and Gabin An and Aymeric Blot and Vesna Nowack and Justyna Petke and Shin Yoo and Oliver Krauss and Erik M. Fredericks and Daniel Blackwell, ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, Jul 2024, 49(3) pp42-50. DOI PDF
• Searching the Genetic Programming Bibliography, W.B. Langdon, SIGEVOlution 17(1). doi PDF eg
• Deep Mutations have Little Impact, William B. Langdon and David Clark. In GI @ ICSE 2024 workshop on Genetic Improvement, Best paper pages 1-8, 16 May, Lisbon. PDF DOI, slides video Video (EI 2024 slides) (Extended journal version)
• Genetic Improvement of Last Level Cache, William B. Langdon David Clark. In EuroGP 2024 Mario Giacobini and Bing Xue and Luca Manzoni (eds.), 3-5 April, Aberystwyth. LNCS 14631, 209-226. DOI PDF slides poster

2023

• Jaws 30, W.B. Langdon. Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines. 2023, 24(2) 19. DOI PDF SN
  Response to comments on "Jaws 30", W.B. Langdon. Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines. 2023, 24(2) 26. DOI PDF SN
• Genetic Improvement @ ICSE 2023, William B. Langdon and Vesna Nowack and Justyna Petke and Erik M. Fredericks and Gabin An and Aymeric Blot and Markus Wagner and Hyeonseok Lee, ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, Oct 2023, 48(4) pp51-59. doi:10.1145/3617946.3617956 PDF
• "nobody actually understands" but "deliver economic benefits", W. B. Langdon, Letter to Editor, Communications of the ACM., 2023, 66(7) page 9. DOI txt
• Genetically Improved Software with fewer Data Caches Misses, William B. Langdon and Justyna Petke and Aymeric Blot and David Clark. GECCO 2023, pp799-802. doi PDF slides poster Video
  Long form: ArXiv 2304.03235.
• Genetic Improvement of OLC and H3 with Magpie, William B. Langdon and Bradley J. Alexander. In GI @ ICSE 2023 workshop on Genetic Improvement, pages 9-16, 20 May, Melbourne. PDF, DOI, slides, code olc_h3_icse2023.tar.gz
• Genetic Improvement of LLVM Intermediate Representation, William B. Langdon, Afnan Al-Subaihin, Aymeric Blot, David Clark. In EuroGP 2023 Gisele Pappa and Mario Giacobini and Zdenek Vasicek (eds.), 12-14 April, Brno. LNCS 13986, 244-259. DOI PDF SN slides poster code

2022

• Generating Random Infix Expressions for GNU coreutils expr, W B Langdon. doi:10.14324/000.rp.10157010
• Open to Evolve Embodied Intelligence, W B Langdon, Proceedings of 2022 International Conference on Embodied Intelligence. IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 1292 012021 DOI PDF

• Dissipative Arithmetic, William B. Langdon, Complex Systems. 2022, 31(3) 287-309. DOI, PDF (high resoloution 16MB)

• Deep Genetic Programming Trees are Robust, William B. Langdon, ACM Transactions on Evolutionary Learning and Optimization, 2022, 2(2) DOI PDF
• A Trillion Genetic Programming Instructions per Second, W.B. Langdon, ArXiv 2205.03251. Slides presented at EvoSoft 2022.
• Measuring Failed Disruption Propagation in Genetic Programming, William B. Langdon and Afnan Al-Subaihin and David Clark, GECCO 2022, pp964-972. doi PDF, slides Video, C++ code GPfdp.tar.gz
• Failed Disruption Propagation in Integer Genetic Programming, W.B. Langdon. In GECCO 2022 Companion (poster). pp574--577. DOI PDF long version reading group slides
• Long-Term Evolution Experiment with Genetic Programming, William B. Langdon and Wolfgang Banzhaf, Artificial Life, 2022 28(2) pp173-204. doi PDF Video C++ code GPavx.tar.gz
  Two page summary in GECCO 2022 "Hot of the press track" pp29-30. DOI PDF slides.
• Evolving Open Complexity, W.B. Langdon, SIGEVOlution. 14(1) doi PDF SVG
  Presented at Embodied Intelligence 2022 (online) 23-25 March Breakout room 2, Development & Learning. Slides.
• Genetic Programming Convergence, W.B. Langdon. Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines. 2022, 23(1) pp71-104. DOI PDF SN
  Two page summary in GECCO 2022 "Hot of the press track" pp27-38. DOI PDF slides. Video slides

2021

• Information Loss Leads to Robustness, W.B. Langdon and J. Petke and D. Clark, IEEE Software Blog, 12 Sept. 2021. PDF
• Fitness First, W.B. Langdon. Chapter 8 in GPTP 2021, Wolfgang Banzhaf and Leonardo Trujillo and Stephan Winkler and Bill Worzel Eds. pp143-164. PDF. slides DOI
• Dissipative Polynomials, W.B. Langdon and Justyna Petke and David Clark. In 5^th Workshop on Landscape-Aware Heuristic Search pp1683-1691. DOI PDF Video slides

• Genetic Improvement of Data for Maths Functions, W.B. Langdon and Oliver Krauss ACM Transactions on Evolutionary Learning and Optimization, 2021, 1(2) DOI PDF.
  Two page summary in GECCO 2021 "Hot of the press track" pp31-32. DOI PDF. Video slides

• Fitness First and Fatherless Crossover, W. B. Langdon, GECCO 2021 Companion, pp253-254. DOI PDF Video
• Incremental Evaluation in Genetic Programming, William B. Langdon, In EuroGP 2021 Ting Hu and Nuno Lourenco and Eric Medvet (eds.), 7-9 April, Seville. LNCS 12691, 229-246. DOI PDF
  Video slides poster GPinc code

2020

• Multi-threaded Memory Efficient Crossover in C++ for Generational Genetic Programming, W.B. Langdon, ArXiv 2009.10460. Short version in SIGEVOlution, 13(3) pp2-4 doi. C++ code
• Genetic Improvement @ ICSE 2020, William B. Langdon, Westley Weimer, Justyna Petke, Erik Fredericks, Seongmin Lee, Emily Winter, Michail Basios, Myra B. Cohen, Aymeric Blot, Markus Wagner, Bobby R. Bruce, Shin Yoo, Simos Gerasimou, Oliver Krauss, Yu Huang, Michael Gerten, ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, Oct 2020, 45(4) pp24-30, doi:10.1145/3417564.3417575 PDF
  As arXiv
• Sustainable Charge, W. B. Langdon, Letter to Editor, Communications of the ACM., 2020, 63(6) page 6. DOI txt
• Evolving sqrt into 1/x via Software Data Maintenance, William B. Langdon and Oliver Krauss. In GI @ GECCO 2020 workshop on Genetic Improvement, pages 1928--1936, 8-12 July. PDF DOI Video Slides code GitHub gi_cbrt.tar.gz (See ACM TELO also)
• Genetic Improvement of Genetic Programming, William B. Langdon. In CEC 2020 (special session on Genetic Improvement) 19-24 July. PDF DOI Video Slides
• Bit-Rot: Computer Software Degrades over Time, W.B. Langdon, Earl T. Barr and Justyna Petke, IEEE Software blog, 11 March 2020. PDF
• Mycoplasma ∪ Homo Sapiens Contamination in E-Science, W.B. Langdon, In Advances in Medicine and Biology, vol 159, Leon V. Berhardt editor, Chapter 8, pp 225-238, Nova, 2020. PDF
• Fast Generation of Big Random Binary Trees, William B. Langdon, Technical Report RN/20/01. arXiv slides tiny video
  C++ code: rand_tree.cc_r1.43

2019

• Big Data Driven GI for Maintenance of Legacy Software Systems, W.B. Langdon, SIGEVOlution, 12(3) pp6-9.
• Mark Harman wins both IEEE and ACM Awards in 2019, Bill Langdon, SIGEVOlution, 12(2) pp10-11. DOI
• The State and Future of Genetic Improvement, William B. Langdon, Westley Weimer, Christopher Timperley, Oliver Krauss, Zhen Yu Ding, Yiwei Lyu, Nicolas Chausseau, Eric Schulte, Shin Hwei Tan, Kevin Leach, Yu Huang, Gabin An, SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes July 2019, 44(3) pp25-29, doi:10.1145/3356773.3356801
  As Technical Report RN/19/02. arXiv
• Continuous Long-Term Evolution of Genetic Programming, W. B. Langdon and Wolfgang Banzhaf, in ALIFE 2019, pp388-395. DOI PDF. Video C++ code GPavx.tar.gz
  See Journal extension.
• Genetic Improvement of Data gives double precision invsqrt, W. B. Langdon, GI @ GECCO 2019, pp1709-1714. slides DOI PDF C++ code  GitHub gi_cbrt.tar.gz
• Parallel GPQUICK, W. B. Langdon, GECCO 2019 late breaking abstract, pp63-64. DOI PDF Poster. See also RN/19/01. C++ code GPavx.tar.gz
• Genetic Improvement of Data gives Binary Logarithm from sqrt, William B. Langdon and Justyna Petke. In GECCO-2019, Prague, Manuel Lopez-Ibanez, et al. eds., ACM, pp413-414. DOI PDF Poster C code.
  Longer version as technical report RN/18/05 (See ACM TELO also)
• Faster Genetic Programming GPquick via multicore and Advanced Vector Extensions, W. B. Langdon and W. Banzhaf. Technical Report RN/19/01. arXiv. (in ALife-2019, 2 page abstract.) GPQUICK code
• Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines at 20, W.B. Langdon. Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines, 2020, 21(1/2) pp205-217. DOI SN PDF.
• Evolving AVX512 Parallel C Code using GP, William B. Langdon and Ronny Lorenz, In EuroGP 2019 Lukas Sekanina and Ting Hu and Nuno Lourenco (eds.), 24-26 April, Leipzig, Germany. LNCS 11451, 245-261. DOI PDF
  poster GI code (GI AVX512 code incorporated into ViennaRNA since release 2.4.11)
• Software Improvement by Data Improvement, W.B. Langdon, IEEE Software blog, 18 Feb 2019. PDF
• Home Monitoring for Parkinson's Patients Already..., W. B. Langdon, Communications of the ACM., 2019, 63(2) page 7. DOI

2018

• Genetic Improvement GISMOE Blue Software Tool Demo, W. B. Langdon, Technical Report RN/18/06. C code
• Human-Competitive Awards 2018, W.B. Langdon, SIGEVOlution, 11(4) pp3-8. Also available as RN/18/07 and via arXiv.
• Evolving Square Root into Binary Logarithm, W. B. Langdon, Technical Report RN/18/05. C code. Presented at GECCO 2019. (See ACM TELO also)
• Evolving Better Software Parameters, William B. Langdon and Justyna Petke In SSBSE 2018, Thelma Elita Colanzi and Phil McMinn (eds.), 8-9 September, Montpellier, LNCS 110361, 363-369, DOI PDF, slides C code (See ACM TELO also)
• CUDA RNAfold, W. B. Langdon and Ronny Lorenz, Technical Report RN/18/02 bioRxiv DOI:10.1101/298885 ViennaRNA Package v2.3.0cuda
• Evolving better RNAfold structure prediction, William B. Langdon and Justyna Petke and Ronny Lorenz, In EuroGP 2018 Mauro Castelli and Lukas Sekanina and Mengjie Zhang (eds.), 4-6 April, Parma, LNCS 10781, 220-236. DOI PDF, poster, C code, Improved ViennaRNA parameters

2017

• Evolving better RNAfold C source code, W. B. Langdon, Technical Report RN/17/08 BioRxiv/2017/10/11/201640 DOI:10.1101/201640
• Genetically Improved BarraCUDA, W. B. Langdon and Brian Yee Hong Lam, BioData Mining 10:28, 2 August, 2017. DOI: 10.1186/s13040-017-0149-1 PMC5541657
• Genetic Improvement of Computational Biology Software, William B. Langdon and Karina Zile. In ECCSB 2017, Jose Santos and Julia Handl and Amarda Shehu and Mostafa Ellabaan, Editors, pp1657-1660, 16 July, Berlin. DOI PDF slides
• Improving SSE Parallel Code with Grow and Graft Genetic Programming, William B. Langdon and Ronny Lorenz. In GI 2017, pp1537-1538, 15-19 July, Berlin. DOI PDF code slides
• Long-Term Evolution of Genetic Programming Populations, William B. Langdon. In GECCO 2017 Comp., 235-236. 15-19 July, Berlin DOI PDF C code. Landscape-Aware Heuristic Search workshop slides, poster. Animations of effective code in evolving GP populations: run 100 (shape) 101 103 104 105 106 107 109 YouTube video
  Longer version in UCL Technical report RN/17/05. arXiv:1703.08481
  See also Dagstuhl Seminar 17191 DOI (page 36). Slides
• Inferring Automatic Test Oracles, William B. Langdon and Shin Yoo and Mark Harman, In Search-Based Software Testing SBST-2017, Juan P. Galeotti and Justyna Petke (eds.), Buenos Aires, Argentina, May 22-23^th 2017, ACM DOI PDF Slides spotify
• Visualising the Search Landscape of the Triangle Program, William B. Langdon and Nadarajen Veerapen and Gabriela Ochoa. In EuroGP-2017, M. Castelli and J. McDermott and L. Sekanina (eds.), 19-21 April, Amsterdam, LNCS 10196, 96-113. DOI PDF. Slides C code chromosome to fitness datasets
  See also Dagstuhl Seminar 17191 DOI (pages 36-37). Slides
• Genetic Improvement of GPU Software, William B. Langdon Brian Yee Hong Lam, Marc Modat, Mark Harman, and Justyna Petke, Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines 18(1) 5-44. DOI:10.1007/s10710-016-9273-9 PDF
• BarraCUDA in the Cloud, W.B. Langdon and Bob Davidson, Microsoft, IEEE Software blog, 8 Jan 2017. PDF

2016

• Benchmarking BarraCUDA on Epigenetic DNA and nVidia Pascal GPUs, W. B. Langdon, Technical Report RN/16/10. BIORXIV/2016/095075 DOI:10.1101/095075
• Computational Biology Is Parallel, W. B. Langdon, Communications of the ACM, 2016, 59(11) page 9. DOI
  Mention of BarraCUDA and cites Langdon:2015:GECCO.
  

• Fun and Games at WCCI, W.B. Langdon. SIGEVOlution 9(3) pp16-18.

• API-Constrained Genetic Improvement, William B. Langdon and David White and Mark Harman and Yue Jia and Justyna Petke In SSBSE-2016 challange track, Federica Sarro and Kalyanmoy Deb (eds.), 8-10 Oct., LNCS 9962, pp 224-230, Raleigh. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-47106-8_16 PDF Slides benchmark images code (see also RN/18/06)
• Kin Selection with Twin Genetic Programming, William B. Langdon. In PPSN-2016, Julia Handl et al (eds.), 17-21 Sept., Edinburgh, LNCS 9921, 313-323. DOI PDF. poster Code tiny_gp_twin.c
• Optimising Quantisation Noise in Energy Measurement, William B. Langdon and Justyna Petke and Bobby R. Bruce In PPSN-2016, Julia Handl et al (eds.), 17-21 Sept., Edinburgh, LNCS 9921, 249-259. DOI PDF poster
  Optimising Quantisation Noise in Energy Measurement, William B. Langdon and Justyna Petke and Bobby R. Bruce, Technical Report RN/16/01
• Fitness Landscape of the Triangle Program, William B. Langdon and Mark Harman. In PPSN-2016 Workshop on Landscape-Aware Heuristic Search, 17 Sept., Edinburgh. (available as RN/16/05) PDF slides data
• Genetic Improvement: A Key Challenge for Evolutionary Computation, William B. Langdon and Gabriela Ochoa. In Key Challenges and Future Directions of Evolutionary Computation (CEC 2016) workshop, pages 3068-3075, 25-29 July, Vancouver. PDF doi Slides photo 1 2 3 4 (more pictures)
• Benchmarking Genetically Improved BarraCUDA on Epigenetic Methylation NGS datasets and nVidia GPUs, William B. Langdon and Albert Vilella and Brian Yee Hong Lam and Justyna Petke and Mark Harman. In Genetic Improvement 2016, (GECCO 2016) workshop, pages 1131-1132, 20-24 July, Denver. PDF doi Slides
• The Genetic Improvement Fitness Landscape, William B. Langdon, Technical Report RN/16/04
• Genetic Improvement, William B. Langdon and Justyna Petke, IEEE Software blog, 3 Feb 2016. PDF
• Exact Mean Absolute Error of Baseline Predictor, MARP0, William B. Langdon and Javier Dolado and Federica Sarro and Mark Harman, Information and Software Technology, 73 (May 2016) pages 16-18. DOI:10.1016/j.infsof.2016.01.003 PDF

2015

• Software is Not Fragile, William B. Langdon and Justyna Petke. In CS-DC 2015, Complex Systems 2015 World e-Conference, 30 September - 1 October 2015, Invited paper. Springer. PDF DOI slides presentation.
  See also talk at Dagstuhl Seminar 15442, 4.7 pp 100-101 doi:10.4230/DagRep.5.10.89. PDF
• Genetic Improvement of Software for Multiple Objectives, W. B. Langdon. In SSBSE 2015, Symposium on Search-Based Software Engineering, Bergamo, Italy, September 5-7, 2015, pp12-28. Invited Keynote. Springer. PDF DOI slides.
• Grow and Graft a better CUDA pknotsRG for RNA pseudoknot free energy calculation, William B. Langdon and Mark Harman, In GI 2015, pp805-810. DOI PDF Slides
  Download pknotsGI.tar.gz
• Improving CUDA DNA Analysis Software with Genetic Programming, William B. Langdon and Brian Yee Hong Lam and Justyna Petke and Mark Harman, in GECCO 2015, pp1063-1070. DOI PDF Slides FTP kit
  Download barracuda_0.7.107
  Genetically Improved BarraCUDA, W. B. Langdon and Brian Yee Hong Lam, Technical Report RN/15/03. arXiv:1505.07855
  Replaced by article in BioData Mining.
  seqanswers.com BarraCUDA
  BarraCUDA is a C program which uses the BWA algorithm in parallel with nVidia CUDA to align short next generation DNA sequences against a reference genome. The genetically improved (GI) code is up to three times faster on short paired end reads from The 1000 Genomes Project and 60% more accurate on a short BioPlanet.com GCAT alignment benchmark. GPGPU Barracuda running on a single K80 Tesla GPU can align short paired end nextgen sequences up to ten times faster than bwa on a 12 core CPU.
  

• Optimising Existing Software with Genetic Programming, William B. Langdon and Mark Harman, IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, Feb 2015, 19(1), 118-135. DOI Draft supplementary info. Slides. 1 page summary, FTP kit
  Replaces research note RN/12/09.
• Genetically Improved Software, William B. Langdon, in Handbook of Genetic Programming Applications, Amir H. Gandomi, Amir H. Alavi and Conor Ryan, Editors. Chapter 8, pp 181-220 DOI Preprint.
• Performance of Genetic Programming Optimised Bowtie2 on Genome Comparison and Analytic Testing GCAT Benchmarks, W. B. Langdon, BioData Mining, 2015, 8:1 DOI: 10.1186/s13040-014-0034-0 Draft

2014

• Computational Intelligence and Testing, W. B. Langdon, Technical Report RN/14/13 (for NII Shonan 2014 seminar 053).
• News of the GP Bibliography, William B. Langdon. SIGEVOlution 6(3-4) pp12-16. DOI Slides
• Improving 3D Medical Image Registration CUDA Software with Genetic Programming, William B. Langdon and Marc Modat and Justyna Petke and Mark Harman. In GECCO-2014, Vancouver, Christian Igel, et al. eds., ACM, pp951-958. DOI PDF. Slides 1 page summary.
  niftycuda is an enhanced version of NiftyReg (left) running on nVidia CUDA graphics cards (right) optimised by genetic programming. new NiftyReg code. GP system.
• Mycoplasma Contamination in The 1000 Genomes Project, sc W. B. Langdon, BioData Mining, 2014, 7:3 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0381-7-3. Draft. Press Release

• Genetically Improved CUDA C++ Software, W. B. Langdon and M. Harman. In EuroGP-2014, Miguel Nicolau and Krzysztof Krawiec and Malcolm Heywood eds., LNCS 8599, pp87-99, Springer. DOI PDF.
  Slides Videos code 200 stereo pairs.
  ( Genetically Improved CUDA kernels for StereoCamera W. B. Langdon and M. Harman, Technical Report RN/14/02. 24 page version of EuroGP-2014.)

• Artificial Evolution 2013, W. B. Langdon, Invited preface to EA 2013. LNCS 8752, pages v-vii, Springer, 2014. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-11683-9 PDF Keynote.

2013

• Evolutionary Multiobjective Optimization, Dimo Brockhoff and Joshua D. Knowles and William B. Langdon, pp 17-21.
  Theory and Practice and Co-Evolution, William B. Langdon, pp24-25.
  Theory of Evolutionary Algorithms (Dagstuhl Seminar 13271), 2013, Rachael Morgan, editor, Dagstuhl Reports 3(7) 1-28. doi:10.4230/DagRep.3.7.1 pdf
• Using Genetic Programming to Model Software, W. B. Langdon and M. Harman, Technical Report RN/13/12. arXiv 1306.5667
• Mycoplasma Contamination in The 1000 Genomes Project, W. B. Langdon, Technical Report RN/13/10.
  Replaced by article in BioData Mining.
• Correlation of Microarray Probes give Evidence for Mycoplasma Contamination in Human Studies, W. B. Langdon, in GECCO-2013 Workshop MedGEC Medical Applications of Genetic and Evolutionary Computation, Stephen L Smith Stefano Cagnoni Robert Patton Editors, pp1447-1454. DOI PDF (slides).
  Technical Report RN/12/11.
  active page.
• Which is faster: Bowtie2^GP > Bowtie > Bowtie2 > BWA, W. B. Langdon, GECCO 2013 late breaking abstract, pp1741-1742. DOI PDF
  Research Note RN/13/03, Computer Science, UCL. arXiv 1301.5187 (Linux 64bit executable, BT2 human genome index)
  Postings SEQanswers Biostar
• Large Scale Bioinformatics Data Mining with Parallel Genetic Programming on Graphics Processing Units, W. B. Langdon. Chapter 15 in Massively Parallel Evolutionary Computation on GPGPUs, S. Tsutsui and P. Collet, eds., pp311-347, Springer. DOI preprint

2012

• Genetically Improving 50000 Lines of C++, William B. Langdon and Mark Harman, Research Note RN/12/09, Computer Science, UCL. Replaced by article.
• Genetic Improvement of Programs (MENDEL 2012 keynote).
• Distilling GeneChips with Genetic Programming on the Emerald GPU supercomputer, W. B. Langdon, SIGEvolution 6(1) p15-21. DOI
  Slides presents at Istvan Reguly's GPU tutorial
  Initial experiences of the Emerald: e-Infrastructure South GPU supercomputer, W. B. Langdon, Research Note RN/12/08, Computer Science, UCL.
  Breast cancer data set
• The Halting Problem in the Clear Light of Probability, W. B. Langdon, Communications of the ACM, 2012, 55(6) page 6.
• Creating and Debugging Performance CUDA C, W. B. Langdon, In Parallel Architectures and Bioinspired Algorithms, Francisco Fernandez de Vega and Jose Ignacio Hidalgo Perez and Juan Lanchares Eds., Studies in Computational Intelligence 415, Chapter 1 pp7-50. DOI PDF
• In Silico Infection of the Human Genome, W. B. Langdon and M. J. Arno, In EvoBIO 2012, Mario Giacobini and Leonardo Vanneschi and William Bush Eds., LNCS 7246, pp245-249, 11-13 April, Malaga, Spain. DOI PDF shareIt slides
  See Technical Report etc. See BioData Mining and BioTechniques journal articles.

2011

• Formal Concept Analysis on Graphics Hardware, W. B. Langdon, Shin Yoo and M. Harman, pp413-416, CLA 2011, Amedeo Napoli and Vilem Vychodil Eds. 17-20 October, Nancy, France. PDF poster
  Technical Report RN/11/18. Non-Recursive Beam Search on GPU for Formal Concept Analysis, W. B. Langdon, Shin Yoo and M. Harman.
• More Mouldy Data: Virtual Infection of the Human Genome, W. B. Langdon and M. J. Arno, Technical Report RN/11/14.
  arXiv:1106.4192 More Mouldy Data: Another mycoplasma gene jumps the silicon barrier into the human genome. suplementary data directory (poster).
  blog slashdot blogspot
  Amara D. Angelica. Der Spiegel, Verseuchte Datenbanken, 04.07.2011 page 120. Genbanken von Bakterien infiziert science.orf.at, 28.06.2011. Mouldy chips New Scientist, 60 Seconds, volume 211, no 2821, page 5, 16 July 2011
• Debugging CUDA, W. B. Langdon. CIGPU 2011, pp415-422. (PDF DOI slides). Part of PABA Chapter 1.

  cuda-debug.pdf mentioned in CUDA developer zone 05/21/2013.

• Performing with CUDA, W. B. Langdon. CIGPU 2011, pp423-430. (PDF DOI slides). Part of PABA Chapter 1.
• Generalisation in Genetic Programming, W. B. Langdon, in GECCO 2011, page 205. (poster view | rotate view)
  Minimising Testing in Genetic Programming, W. B. Langdon. RN/11/10
• Graphics Processing Units and Genetic Programming: An overview, W. B. Langdon. Soft Computing, Volume 15, Number 8, pp. 1657-1669, DOI PDF
• Elementary Bit String Mutation Landscapes, W. B. Langdon. In Foundations of Genetic Algorithms, Hans-Georg Beyer and W.B. Langdon, editors, Schwarzenberg, Austria, 5-9 Jan 2011, pages 25--42. (doi: PDF gzip ps).
  Integer sequence A176296 of Eigen values (Matlab code).
  2-bit Flip Mutation Elementary Fitness Landscapes, W. B. Langdon. Research Note RN/10/04, 15 Sept 2010, Department of Computer Science, University College, London.
  Slides presented at Dagstuhl Seminar 10361, Theory of Evolutionary Algorithms. (PDF)

2010

• A Survey of Spatial Defects in Homo Sapiens Affymetrix GeneChips, W. B. Langdon and G. J. G. Upton and R. da Silva Camargo and A. P. Harrison, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, 7(4) 647-653 oct-dec 2010. (DOI PubMed 21030732 PDF gzip ps). R code.
• Genetic Programming, W. B. Langdon and R. I. McKay and L. Spector, Chapter 7 in Handbook of Metaheuristics, Michel Gendreau and Jean-Yves Potvin (editors), pages 185-225, Springer. Second edition. DOI (preprint)
• GPU Working Party W. B. Langdon, GPGPU tutorial presented at Dagstuhl Seminar 10361 (pdf) Theory of Evolutionary Algorithms.
• Efficient Multi Objective Higher Order Mutation Testing with Genetic Programming, William B. Langdon and Mark Harman and Yue Jia, Journal of Systems and Software, 83 (2010) 2416-2430. PDF DOI GitHub
  Slides presented at Crest Open Workshop on Mutation Testing, 27 October 2010.

• Evolving a CUDA Kernel from an nVidia Template, W.B. Langdon and M. Harman. In CIGPU (WCCI) 2010, pages 2376-2383, 18-23 July, Barcelona. PDF gzip ps doi Slides COW Video Grammar etc
  Evolving gzip matches Kernel from an nVidia CUDA Template, W.B. Langdon and M. Harman. Technical report TR-10-02, 5 Feb 2010, Department of Computer Science, King's College, London.
  Animation
  Slides presented at invited talk to NCAF 2010. Handout, technical report TR-10-07.

• Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines: ten years of reviews, W.B. Langdon and S. M. Gustafson. Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines, 2010, 11(3/4) pp321-338. Open Access DOI PDF.
• A Many Threaded CUDA Interpreter for Genetic Programming, W.B. Langdon, In EuroGP-2010, Anna I Esparcia-Alcazar, Aniko Ekart, Sara Silva, Stephen Dignum and A. Sima Uyar eds., LNCS 6021, pp146-158 Springer. (DOI PDF gzip ps). Slides
  code.
• Automated DNA Motif Discovery, W.B. Langdon, Olivia Sanchez Graillet, A. P. Harrison. arXiv:1002.0065v1
• Large Scale Bioinformatics Data Mining with Parallel Genetic Programming on Graphics Processing Units, W.B. Langdon. In Parallel and Distributed Computational Intelligence, Francisco Fernandez de Vega and Erick Cantu-Paz Eds., chapter 5, 113-141, Studies in Computational Intelligence, Vol. 269, Springer, 2010. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-10675-0_6 (preprint)
• RNAnet a Map of Human Gene Expression, W.B. Langdon, Olivia Sanchez Graillet, A. P. Harrison. One page summary. arXiv:1001.4263

2009

• A SIMT Interpreter for Genetic Programming, W. B. Langdon. Entry to GPUs for Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Competition, GECCO 2009, 8 July. Slides presented at CIGPU and in Paris . Technical report TR-09-05, Department of Computer Science, King's College, London, 10 June 2009. C++ code.
• Multi Objective Mutation Testing with Genetic Programming, William B. Langdon and Mark Harman and Yue Jia, TAIC-PART pp21-29, 4-6 September 2009. PDF ps.gz (slides, Movie population of ten thousand higher order mutants evolving with NSGA-II and multi-objective genetic programming.) (Updated by.)
  1 page version presented as a poster at GECCO-2009, p1945.
• A Fast High Quality Pseudo Random Number Generator for nVidia CUDA, W. B. Langdon. Presented at CIGPU 2009, pp2511-2513. (PDF, C code DOI).
• Evo_Indent Interactive Evolution of GNU indent Options, W. B. Langdon. Late Breaking paper at GECCO 2009, pp2081-2083. DOI
• Creating Regular Expressions as mRNA Motifs with GP to Predict Human Exon Splitting, W. B. Langdon, J. Rowsell, A. P. Harrison. Technical report TR-09-02, Department of Computer Science, King's College, London, March, 2009. GECCO-2009 poster pp1789--1790.
• Evolving DNA motifs to Predict GeneChip Probe Performance, W. B. Langdon and A. P. Harrison, Algorithms in Molecular Biology, 2009 4:6. (PDF DOI). (Updates PPSN 2008).
• Scaling of Program Functionality, W.B. Langdon, Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines (2009) 10(1) 5-36. share doi:10.1007/s10710-008-9065-y (preprint PDF)

2008

• RNAnet - A Map of Human Genes W. B. Langdon, A. P. Harrison and Olivia Sanchez Graillet, From Functional Genomics to Systems Biology, EMBO 2008, 15-18 Nov 2008, EMBL Heidelberg. Poster.
  RNAnet A web (firefox) based tool showing correlations between expression of human genes based on Ensembl exon definitions and Affymetrix HG-U133 2+ GEO datasets, W. B. Langdon. Presented at UKAffy 2008 (slides 1.6MB).
  A Map of Human Gene Expression, W. B. Langdon, Technical report CES-486 Computing and Electronic Systems, University of Essex, UK, July 2008.
  Slides presented at BioGeeks 29 September 2009.
• Row Quantile Normalisation of Microarrays, W. B. Langdon, Technical report CES-484, Computing and Electronic Systems, University of Essex, UK, June 2008.
• Is this the Future of Academic Publishing? W.B. Langdon. In SIGEvolution Spring 2008, 3(1) p16. (DOI
  
• Evolving Regular Expressions for GeneChip Probe Performance Prediction, W.B. Langdon and A.P. Harrison, In Parallel Problem Solving from Nature - PPSN X, Gunter Rudolph and Thomas Jansen and Simon Lucas and Carlo Poloni and Nicola Beume eds., LNCS 5199, pp1061-1070. Springer. (DOI PDF gzip ps). poster. Journal article.
  Evolving Regular Expressions for GeneChip Probe Performance Prediction, W.B. Langdon and A.P. Harrison, technical report CES-483, University of Essex, 27 April 2008. Gawk code.
• GP on SPMD parallel Graphics Hardware for mega Bioinformatics Data Mining, W.B. Langdon and A.P. Harrison, in Soft Computing, October 2008, 12(12) 1169-1183. doi:10.1007/s00500-008-0296-x PDF gzip ps
  GSE3494 dataset.
• Genetic Programming: An Introduction and Tutorial, with a Survey of techniques and Applications, William B. Langdon and Riccardo Poli and Nicholas F. McPhee and John R. Koza, in Computational Intelligence: A Compendium, John Fulcher and Lakhmi C. Jain (editors), Chapter 22, pages 927-1028. doi.
  See also Technical report CES-475.
• Evolving GeneChip Correlation Predictors on Parallel Graphics Hardware W.B. Langdon In CIGPU, (WCCI 2008) pages 4152-4157, 1-6 June, Hong Kong. PDF gzip ps Slides
• A Fast High Quality Pseudo Random Number Generator for Graphics Processing Units W.B. Langdon, In CIGPU, (WCCI 2008) pages 459-465, 1-6 June, Hong Kong. PDF postscript Slides C++ code.
  See also Technical report CES-477
• Genetic Programming for Drug Discovery, W. B. Langdon, technical report CES-481, University of Essex, 26 Feb 2008.
• W. B. Langdon and R. Poli, Mapping Non-conventional Extensions of Genetic Programming. Natural Computing 7(1) March 2008, p21-43. doi:10.1007/s11047-007-9044-x PDF, Special issue on Unconventional Computing.
  Earlier version in UC-06 Springer, LNCS 4135, pp166-180, York, 4-8 September.
• Gene breakdown, Wyvern, February, 2008, page 12, University of Essex.

• An Eigen Analysis of the GP Community W.B. Langdon and R. Poli and W. Banzhaf PDF Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines, 2009, 9(3) pp 171-182>. doi:10.1007/s10710-008-9060-3

• A SIMD interpreter for Genetic Programming on GPU Graphics Cards, W.B. Langdon and W. Banzhaf, In M. O'Neill, L. Vanneschi, A.I. Esparcia Alcazar, S. Gustafson eds., EuroGP 2008, pp73-85, LNCS 4971, 26-28 March, Naples. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-78671-9_7 PDF slides
  See also Technical report CSM-470 C++ code.
  Movies 1. youtube video, quality animation. 2. Genetic v. phenotypic 3. Million protein locators
• Repeated Patterns in Tree Genetic Programming, W. B. Langdon and W. Banzhaf, Natural Computation (2008) 7:589-613, Pre print doi:10.1007/s11047-007-9038-8 Update of EuroGP 2005 paper
  Mackey-Glass time series benchmark

2007

• W. B. Langdon (2007) Book Review The Cg Tutorial, Fernando and Kilgard, Computer Graphics Forum 26 (4), 853-853.
• W. B. Langdon, PRNG Random Numbers on GPU, technical report CES-477, University of Essex. Code.
• W. B. Langdon, R. da Silva Camargo and A. P. Harrison, Spatial Defects in 5896 HG-U133A GeneChips. Presented at Critical Assessment of Microarray Data Analysis (CAMDA 2007) EMERALD Workshop, Vidar Beisvag (ed.), 13-14 December 2007, Valencia. ps 800kb, PDF 5MB (slides). poster
• W. B. Langdon, A SIMD interpreter for Genetic Programming on GPU Graphics Cards, Technical report CSM-470, ISSN 1744-8050, 3 July 2007, Essex University. C++ code. Slides. See also EuroGP 2008 paper.
  Movies 1. youtube video, quality animation. 2. Genetic v. phenotypic 3. Million protein locators
• Web Usage of the GP Bibliography W. B. Langdon SIGEvolution, 2006 1(4) 16-21. DOI Online 2007.
• Evolving Problems to Learn About Particle Swarm Optimizers and Other Search Algorithms, W. B. Langdon and Riccardo Poli, IEEE Transaction of Evolutionary Computation, 11(5) 561-578 PDF doi.

2006

• W. B. Langdon, Predicting Ten Thousand Bits from Ten Thousand Inputs. Technical report CSM-457, ISSN 1744-8050, 10 August 2006, Essex University.
• W. B. Langdon and R. Poli, Evolving Problems to Learn about Particle Swarm Optimisers and other Search Algorithms. Technical report CSM-455, ISSN 1744-8050, 28 June 2006, Essex University. Published.
• W. B. Langdon, Mapping Non-conventional Extensions of Genetic Programming. UC-06 Springer, LNCS 4135, pp166-180, York, 4-8 September. doi:10.1007/11839132, PDF, ps.gz. Replaced by invited article in Natural Computing.
• W. B. Langdon and R. Poli, Finding Social Landscapes for PSOs via Kernels. In Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, Vancouver, 2006, pages 6118-6125. Slides presented at WCCI-2006.
• The Halting Probability in von Neumann Architectures, W. B. Langdon and R. Poli, (PDF gzipped postscript), Slides presented at EuroGP-2006, LNCS 3905, 10-12 April 2006, Budapest, p225-237 Springer doi:10.1007/11729976_20
  Two page summary available as technical report CSM-456.

  On Turing complete T7 and MISC F-4 program fitness landscapes, W. B. Langdon and R. Poli. Technical report CSM-445, ISSN 1744-8050, Dec 2005, Essex University.
  Dagstuhl PDF

2005

• Kernel methods for PSOs, W. B. Langdon, Riccardo Poli and Christopher R. Stephens Technical report CSM-443, ISSN 1744-8050, Dec 2005, Essex University.
• 'Pure theatre' at Lakeside: Review of "Look Back in Anger" Wyvern Extra, June 2005, University of Essex.
• Evolutionary Solo Pong Players, W. B. Langdon and Riccardo Poli in Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, CEC 2005, volume 3, pp2621-2628, 2-5 September, Edinburgh, UK. PDF ps.gz. (Technical report CSM-423, ISSN 1744-8050, Essex University).
• Evolving Problems to Learn about Particle Swarm and other Optimisers, W. B. Langdon and Riccardo Poli in Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, CEC 2005, volume 1, pp81-88, 2-5 September, Edinburgh, UK. PDF ps.gz (slides).
  Two page version (PDF ps.gz) presented at BNAIC 2005.
• The Distribution of Amorphous Computer Outputs, W. B. Langdon. Position paper (eprint) at The Grand Challenge in Non-Classical Computation: International Workshop, Susan Stepney and Stephen Emmott Editors, 18-19 April 2005, York, UK.
• Understanding Particle Swarm Optimisation by Evolving Problem Landscapes, W. B. Langdon Riccardo Poli, Owen Holland and Thiemo Krink (PDF) (gzip ps) presented at Swarm Intelligence Symposium 2005. Luca Maria Gambardella, Payman Arabshahi and Alcherio Martinoli (editors), pp30-37, 8-10 June 2005, Pasadena, California, USA. Two animated slides: constriction helps, hinders.
• Pfeiffer - A Distributed Open-ended Evolutionary System, W. B. Langdon, In AISB'05: Proceedings of the Joint Symposium on Socially Inspired Computing, (METAS 2005) Bruce Edmonds, Nigel Gilbert, Steven Gustafson, David Hales and Natalio Krasnogor Editors, 12-15 April 2005, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, England, pp. 7-13. (PDF).
• Repeated Patterns in Tree Genetic Programming, W. B. Langdon and W. Banzhaf, (PDF gzipped postscript), Slides presented at EuroGP-2005 LNCS 3447, 30 March - 1 April 2005 Lausanne, p190-202 DOI Revised for Natural Computing

  
  Importance of nodes within protein prediction trees. Largest protein prediction tree. The 125 (15%) subtrees which change more than 10 training cases are highlighted in black. Of the remaining 725, 277 have no impact on fitness at all, while a further 151 affect only one (of 1213) training case. Note several large repeated subtrees (which must produce the same values) make little contribution to fitness.

• Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines: Five years of Reviews, W.B. Langdon and S. Gustafson, (PDF gzipped postscript), Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines, 2005, 6(2) pp.221-228. doi:10.1007/s10710-005-6165-9
• Repeated Sequences in Linear Genetic Programming Genomes, William B. Langdon and Wolfgang Banzhaf, Complex Systems 15 (4) pp285-306. (PDF gzipped postscript). Extends GECCO'2004 late breaking paper. Data set

2004

• Repeated Sequences in Linear GP Genomes, W.B. Langdon and W. Banzhaf, (GECCO'2004 late breaking paper PDF gzipped postscript). Movie. Poster
• Global Distributed Evolution of L-Systems Fractals, W. B. Langdon. Presented at EuroGP'2004, LNCS 3003, 5-7 April 2004 Coimbra, Portugal, p349-358 PDF at Springer-Verlag. PDF ps.gz pfeiffer.html poster.
  RN/04/13 gives all the snow flakes evolved during the trial period (PDF) (gzip postscript).
• Genetic Programming for Mining DNA Chip data from Cancer Patients, W. B. Langdon and B. F. Buxton, Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines, 5 (3): 251-257, September 2004 (doi:10.1023/B:GENP.0000030196.55525.f7, PDF, ps.gz)
• Genetic Programming in Data Mining for Drug Discovery, W. B. Langdon and S. J. Barrett, Chapter 10 in Evolutionary Computing in Data Mining, Ashish Ghosh and Lakhmi C. Jain editors, Physica Verlag, pages 211-235, 2004. (PDF, ps.gz)

2003

• The Application of Genetic Programming for Drug Discovery in the Pharmaceutical Industry, W. B. Langdon and B. F. Buxton. EPSRC project GR/S03546/01 with GlaxoSmithKline. Final report, IGR (PDF).
• Comparison of DNAchip and Computer Vision Data, Technical Report RN/03/16, W. B. Langdon (PDF, ps.gz)
• Predicting Biochemical Interactions - Human P450 2D6 Enzyme Inhibition, W. B. Langdon and S. J. Barrett and B. F. Buxton. CEC 2003, pages 807-814, 8-12 Dec, Canberra. DOI (PDF, ps.gz). Slides
• Predicting Cancer, W. B. Langdon. UCL Science, September 2003, no. 17, page 2.
• Convergence of Program Fitness Landscapes, W. B. Langdon. GECCO 2003 12-16 July, Chicago, pages 1702--1714. (PDF, ps.gz) LNCS 2724 DOI
• Transferring Computer Science Research: Mining DNA chip Protein Expression, talk and poster at MIPNETS 25-27 June 2003.
• The distribution of Reversible Functions is Normal, W. B. Langdon. Chapter 11, in Genetic Programming Theory and Practise, Rick L. Riolo and Bill Worzel (editors), pp173-187, Kluwer, 2003. GP series number 6. Slides presented at GP Workshop on Theory/Practice, 15-17 May 2003, University of Michigan. PDF ps.gz DOI arXiv:1808.06928
• Comparison of AdaBoost and Genetic Programming for combining Neural Networks for Drug Discovery, W. B. Langdon and S. J. Barrett and B. F. Buxton. Presented at EvoBIO'2003, 11-14 April 2003, LNCS 2611, Essex, p87-98, Springer-Verlag. ps.gz DOI With the help of a Publication Support Grant from Evolsolve.

2002

• Evolutionary Computation II Session at BNAIC 2002, W. B. Langdon, Newsletter BNVKI December, 2002 19(6) 145-146.
• A Hybrid Genetic Programming Neural Network Classifier for Use in Drug Discovery, William B. Langdon, Soft Computing Systems - Design, Management and Applications, Ajith Abraham and Javier, Ruiz-del-Solar and Mario Koppen, Eds. page 6, 1-4 December 2002, IOS Press. Invited talk. Slides PDF.
• Grand Challenges for Computing, Removal of the Man-Machine Interface Bottleneck "Do what I ment not what I said" W. B. Langdon and Riccardo Poli, October 17, 2002. Also available as Research Note RN/02/20 pdf
• Combining Machine Learning techniques to Predict Compounds' Cytochrome P450 High Throughput Screening Inhibition, W. B. Langdon, B. F. Buxton and S. J. Barrett (PDF). Poster at Knowledge Discovery meets Drug Discovery, KDmDD 2002.
• How many Good Programs are there? How Long are they? W. B. Langdon (PDF, ps.gz). Presented at FOGA 2002, Kenneth A. De Jong and Riccardo Poli and Jonathan E. Rowe (editors) pp183-202, Morgan Kaufmann.
• Convergence Rates for the Distribution of Program Outputs, W. B. Langdon, in GECCO 2002: Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, New York, pp812-819, Morgan Kaufmann, 2002. (gp103.pdf PDF, ps.gz). Slides Presented at GECCO'2002
  Short version presented at BNAIC 2002 (PDF, ps.gz) (2 pages)
• Was Occam Wrong? Blunting Occam's Razor, W. B. Langdon, BNVKI newsletter 19(3) 56-57, June 2002 (html).
• Combining Decision Trees and Neural Networks for Drug Discovery W. B. Langdon and S. J. Barrett and B. F. Buxton. In Genetic Programming, Proceedings of the 5th European Conference EuroGP'2002, James A. Foster and Evelyne Lutton and Julian Miller and Conor Ryan and Andrea G. B. Tettamanzi (editors), Ireland, LNCS 2278, pp60-70, Springer-Verlag, 2002. PDF compressed postscript.
• Structure of the Genetic Programming Search Space, W. B. Langdon. Presented at Dagstuhl (abstract, page 12).

2001

• Genetic Programming for Combining Neural Networks for Drug Discovery, W. B. Langdon and S. J. Barrett and B. F. Buxton, in Soft Computing and Industry Recent Applications Rajkumar Roy, Mario Koppen, Seppo Ovaska, Takeshi Furuhashi, Frank Hoffmann (editors), pages 597-608, Springer-Verlag, 2002. Presented at WSC6 (pdf). WSC6 presentation.
• Evolutionary Data Fusion, W. B. Langdon. Technical report RN/01/19.
• Genetic Programming for Improved Receiver Operating Characteristics, W. B. Langdon and B. F. Buxton. In Josef Kittler and Fabio Roli editors, Second International Conference on Multiple Classifier System, LNCS 2096, pages 68-77, Cambridge, 2001. MCS 2001 DOI (PDF, gzipped postscript).
• Genetic Programming for Combining Classifiers W. B. Langdon and B. F. Buxton. Presented at GECCO'2001, pp 66-73, Morgan Kaufmann. (gzipped postscript, PDF)
• Evolving Receiver Operating Characteristics for Data Fusion William B. Langdon and Bernard F. Buxton. Gzipped postscript, slides presented at EuroGP'2001.
• Evolving Hand-Eye Coordination for a Humanoid Robot with Machine Code Genetic Programming, William B. Langdon and Peter Nordin, EuroGP'2001 Lake Como, Italy, pages 313--324. Springer. (gzipped postscript). DOI:10.1007/3-540-45355-5_25 (Elvis movie and summary).

2000

• Maximum Product of Non-Negative Numbers, W. B. Langdon RN/01/14 pdf (html).
• Genetic Programming Bloat without Semantics, W.B. Langdon and W. Banzhaf. PPSN'2000, Paris, Pages 201-210. Springer. Gzipped postscript presented at (poster) (C++ code)
• Problems with ROC, W.B. Langdon. Technical report RN/01/16 pdf (gzipped postscript). Shows that the convex Hull is not guaranteed to be best way of combining classifiers.
• Natural Language Text Classification and Filtering with Trigrams and Evolutionary Nearest Neighbour Classifiers, W.B. Langdon, CWI Report SEN-R0022 (at CWI) (GECCO'2000 late breaking paper, gzipped postscript).
• Quadratic Bloat in Genetic Programming (ps.gz) (html). Presented at GECCO'2000
• Seeding Genetic Programming Populations, EuroGP'2000, Edinburgh, pages 304-315, Springer. (gzipped postscript pdf)
  Genetic Programming Approach to Benelearn 99: I (gzip ps) II (PDF)
• William B. Langdon. Size fair and homologous tree genetic programming crossovers. Genetic Programming And Evolvable Machines, 1(1/2):95-119, April 2000. DOI: (pdf gzip ps)
• Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines: Books and other Resources, Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines, volume 1 number 1/2. doi:10.1023/A:1010028616099 (pdf gzip ps)

1999

• Report on Evolutionary Computation 1 Session at BNAIC'99
• GECCO'99 Student Workshop, Newsletter BNVKI, vol 16 no 5, pp 143-144, October 1999. and Robotica, vol 18 no 1, pp 87, 2000.
• Linear Increase in Tree Height Leads to Sub-Quadratic Bloat ps.gz presented at FOGP
• Scaling of Program Tree Fitness Spaces, W. B.Langdon, Evolutionary Computation 7(4): 399-428 doi:10.1162/evco.1999.7.4.399 (PDF ps.gz) (slides).
• William B. Langdon, Terry Soule, Riccardo Poli, and James A. Foster. The evolution of size and shape. In Lee Spector, William B. Langdon, Una-May O'Reilly, and Peter J. Angeline, editors, Advances in Genetic Programming 3, chapter 8, pages 163-190. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, May 1999 ch08.ps.gz. PDF (slides, 187kb, movie of evolution of best of generation phenotype, YouTube).
• Boolean Functions Fitness Spaces, W. B. Langdon and R. Poli, EuroGP-99, Goteborg, Sweden, pages 1-14, Springer. (gzipped postscript)
  CSRP-98-16 Late Breaking paper at GP-98 (html) (poster).

1998

• Why "Building Blocks" Don't Work on Parity Problems CSRP-98-17 (html).
• Better Trained Ants for Genetic Programming CSRP-98-12 (html).
• Better Trained Ants CSRP-98-08 (html) Late breaking paper at EuroGP '98.
• Fitness Causes Bloat: Mutation, doi (PDF) presented at EuroGP '98 (technical report).
• Why Ants are Hard, W. B. Langdon and R. Poli, GP-98, Madison, USA, pages 193-201. (PDF, ps.gz)
  (CSRP-98-04 html)
• Genetic Programming Bloat with Dynamic Fitness, W. B. Langdon and R. Poli, EuroGP'98, Paris, pages 97-112, Springer. (PDF gzip ps)
  CSRP-97-29 (html)
• The Evolution of Size in Variable Length Representations, W. B. Langdon, WCCI '98 Anchorage, USA, pages 633-638, IEEE. (PDF, gzip ps) (poster).
• Conference on Genetic Programming (GP-97) Robotica, 16:1 p117, 1998

1997

• Genetic Programming in Europe
• Fitness Causes Bloat: Simulated Annealing, Hill Climbing and Populations, CSRP-97-22
• Fitness Causes Bloat in Variable Size Representation (ICGA-97 workshop)
• Fitness Causes Bloat (html) (Second best paper overall award at WSC2)
• An Analysis of the MAX Problem in Genetic Programming (in GP-97)

1996

• Phd Thesis Genetic Programming and Data Structures, University College, London, 1996, 350 pages.

• Evolution of Genetic Programming Populations, Research Note RN/96/125 (PDF gzip ps).
• Using Data Structures with Genetic Programming (presented at GP-96. GP-96 videos)
• Data Structures and Genetic Programming (in AiGP2)
• A Bibliography for Genetic Programming (in AiGP2) (draft pdf)

1995

• Survey of Genetic Programming (ps, pdf)
• Introduction to Genetic Programming (hard copy only)
• Evolving Data Structures Using Genetic Programming, In L. Eshelman editor, Genetic Algorithms: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference (ICGA95), pages 295-302, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 1995 (PDF postscript).
• RN/95/29 Pareto, Population Partitioning, Price and Genetic Programming (PDF postscript)
• RN/95/71 Summary of directing crossover locations in a multi-tree GP, as used with list data structures (PDF ps)

Electricity Network Scheduling

• Scheduling Maintenance of Electrical Power Transmission, W. B. Langdon, P. C. Treleaven, Chapter 10, pp 220-237, Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Power Systems, K. Warwick, A.O. Ekwue and R. Aggarwal Eds. 1997, IEE. (PDF, MS Postscript, html).
• Technical report CSRP-97-22 summarizing Scheduling Maintenance of the South Wales Regional High Voltage Electricity network using GAs and GP.
• IEE GP Paper on Scheduling Maintenance of the South Wales Regional High Voltage Electricity network.
• W. B. Langdon, Scheduling planned maintenance of the South Wales region of the National Grid (submitted version), in Evolutionary Computing: AISB International Workshop Manchester, UK, 7-8 April, 1997 Selected Papers, David Corne, Jonathan L. Shapiro Editors, LNCS 1305, Pages 179-197.
• Scheduling planned maintenance of the national grid, W. B. Langdon, AISB-95, Evolutionary Computing: AISB Workshop Sheffield, UK, April 3-4, 1995 Selected Papers Editors: Terence C. Fogarty, LNCS 993 pp. 132-153 (Springer) (postscript).

Informal documents available via ftp

• Genetic Programming for Drug Discovery W. B. Langdon
• Summary of Kauffman's NK landscapes inconjuction with Genetic Algorithms
• Summary of seeding GA populations
• Introduction to genetic programming in general and simple-gp.c in particular.
• Bibliographies of Genetic Programming and the Application of Genetic Algorithms to Production Scheduling etc are held in ftp://ftp.cs.bham.ac.uk/pub/authors/W.B.Langdon/biblio

Joint (co-authored) papers

• Search+LLM-based Testing for ARM Simulators, Karine Even-Mendoza, Hector D. Menendez, W.B. Langdon, Aidan Dakhama, Justyna Petke and Bobby R. Bruce, in the 47th International Conference on Software Engineering, Software Engineering in Practice track, 2025. PDF code code
• Enhancing Search-Based Testing with LLMs for Finding Bugs in System Simulators, Aidan Dakhama and Karine Even-Mendoza and W.B Langdon and Hector D. Menendez and Justyna Petke. Under submission, , code
  Invited journal extension of SSBSE 2023 best challenge track paper.
• Green StableYolo: Optimizing Inference Time and Image Quality of Text2Image Generation, Jingzhi Gong and Sisi Li and Giordano D'Aloisio and Zishuo Ding and Yulong Ye and W. B. Langdon and Federica Sarro In SSBSE 2024 pages 70-76, 15 July Porto de Galinhas, Brazil. Winner Best Challenge Track paper PDF DOI UCL slides code
• On Reducing Network Usage with Genetic Improvement, James Callan and William B. Langdon and Justyna Petke. In GI @ ICSE 2024 workshop on Genetic Improvement. pages 23-30, 16 April, Lisbon. PDF DOI slides code
• SearchGEM5: Towards Reliable gem5 with Search Based Software Testing and Large Language Models, Aidan Dakhama, Karine Even-Mendoza, W.B. Langdon, Hector Menendez Benito, Justyna Petke in SSBSE 2023, Erik Fredericks, Paolo Arcaini, Tao Yue, Rebecca Moussa, Thomas Vogel, Gregory Gay, Max Hort, Bobby R. Bruce, Jose Miguel Rojas, Vali Tawosi, (eds.), 8 Dec, San Francisco. LNCS 14415, 169-166. Winner best Challenge Track paper. DOI PDF Video code
  See also Journal extension.
• Software Robustness: A Survey, a Theory, and Some Prospects, Justyna Petke, David Clark and W. B. Langdon, in ESEC/FSE 2021 Ideas, Visions and Reflections Track (IVR), pp 1475-1478, 23-28 Aug. DOI PDF (preprint) slides
• Software Robustness: A Survey, a Theory, and Some Prospects, David Clark and W. B. Langdon and Justyna Petke, Presented at Facebook Testing and Verification Symposium 2020, 1-3 Dec. (presentation only, see Petke:2021:FSE-IVR)
• GP+EM 20 Anniversary Editorial, Nicholas Freitag McPhee and William B. Langdon, Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines, 2020, 21(1/2) pp3-9. DOI PDF (preprint) SN
• Automatically Evolving Lookup Tables for Function Approximation, Oliver Krauss and William B. Langdon, in EuroGP 2020, Ting Hu and Nuno Lourenco and Eric Medvet (eds.), 15-17 April, Seville, Spain. LNCS 12101, 84-100. DOI PDF SN code
• EuroGP 2018 Panel Debate: Genetic Programming in the Era of Deep Neural Networks, Leonardo Trujillo and W.B. Langdon. SIGEVOlution 11(2) pp3-6. DOI
• Genetic Improvement of Software: a Comprehensive Survey, Justyna Petke and Saemundur O. Haraldsson and Mark Harman and William B. Langdon and David R. White and John R. Woodward, IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation. 22(3) June 2018, 415--432. PDF DOI
• Specialising Software for Different Downstream Applications Using Genetic Improvement and Code Transplantation, Justyna Petke, Bill Langdon, Mark Harman and Wes Weimer, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 44(6) June 2018, 574-594. PDF DOI Extends humie winner EuroGP-2014
• Evaluation of Estimation Models using the Minimum Interval of Equivalence, Jose Javier Dolado and Daniel Rodriguez and Mark Harman and William B. Langdon and Federica Sarro, Applied Soft Computing, Volume 49, December 2016, Pages 956-967. DOI
• How computers are learning to make human software work more efficiently, John R. Woodward and Justyna Petke and William Langdon, The Conversation, June 25, 2015 10.08am BST. PDF
• Grow and Serve: Growing Django Citation Services Using SBSE, Yue Jia and Mark Harman and William B. Langdon and Alexandru Marginean, In SSBSE Challenge, Shin Yoo and Leandro Minku Eds., SSBSE 2015, LNCS 9275, 269-275, Bergamo, Italy, Springer. PDF DOI SN
• Search based software engineering for software product line engineering: a survey and directions for future work, Mark Harman and Yue Jia and Jens Krinke and W. B. Langdon and Justyna Petke and Yuanyuan Zhang, In SPLC 2014, pp5-18, Invited Keynote, ACM. PDF DOI
• Babel Pidgin: SBSE can grow and graft entirely new functionality into a real world system, Mark Harman and Yue Jia and William B. Langdon, In SSBSE Challenge, Marcio Barros Ed., SSBSE 2014, LNCS 8636, 247-252, Fortaleza, Brazil, Springer. Winner SSBSE 2014 Challange PDF DOI SN Babel Pidgin flickr
• Genetic Improvement for Adaptive Software Engineering, Mark Harman and Yue Jia and William B. Langdon and Justyna Petke and Iman Hemati Moghadam and Shin Yoo and Fan Wu, In SEAMS-2014, Gregor Engels ed., Hyderabad. Invited Keynote. PDF DOI
• Using Genetic Improvement and Code Transplants to Specialise a C++ Program to a Problem Class, Justyna Petke and Mark Harman and William B. Langdon and Westley Weimer, In EuroGP-2014, Miguel Nicolau and Krzysztof Krawiec and Malcolm Heywood eds., LNCS 8599, pp137-149, Springer. PDF DOI SN. Replaced by TSE article.
  Winner of Silver at GECCO 2014 Humie slides
• Genetic Programming for Reverse Engineering, Mark Harman and William B. Langdon and Westley Weimer, 20th Working Conference on Reverse Engineering (WCRE 2013), Koblenz, 14-17 October, Invited Keynote. PDF DOI
• Applying Genetic Improvement to MiniSAT, Justyna Petke, William B. Langdon and Mark Harman, SSBSE 2013, LNCS 8084, pp257-262. PDF DOI SN.
• The GISMOE Architecture, Yue Jia and Mark Harman and Bill Langdon. Two page abstract of Keynote presented at CSBSE 2013. PDF.
• The GISMOE challenge: Constructing the Pareto Program Surface Using Genetic Programming to Find Better Programs, Mark Harman, William B. Langdon, Yue Jia, David R. White, Andrea Arcuri and John A. Clark, ASE 2012 Keynote. PDF DOI.
• Strong Higher Order Mutation-Based Test Data Generation, Mark Harman and Yue Jia and William B. Langdon ESEC/FSE 2011, p212-222. DOI
• Theoretical Results in Genetic Programming: The next ten years?, Riccardo Poli and Leonardo Vanneschi and William B. Langdon and Nicholas Freitag McPhee, Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines, 11(3/4) pp285-320 2010. doi:10.1007/s10710-010-9110-5 SN.
• A Manifesto for Higher Order Mutation Testing, Mark Harman and Yue Jia and William B. Langdon. Keynote at Mutation 2010, Paris, 6 April 2010, pp80-89. PDF doi other.
• Uncovering the Expression Patterns of Chimeric Transcripts Using Surveys of Affymetrix GeneChips, Joanna Rowsell and Renata da Silva Camargo and William B. Langdon and Maria A. Stalteri and Andrew P. Harrison, Journal of Integrative Bioinformatics, 7(3):137, 2010. doi:10.2390/biecoll-jib-2010-137
  Presented at the 6th Integrative Bioinformatics Symposium 22-24 March 2010, Cambridge.

• Unexpected presence of mycoplasma probes on human microarrays, Estibaliz Aldecoa-Otalora Astarloa and William B. Langdon and Phil Cunningham and Matthew J. Arno, BioTechniques, Vol. 47, No. 6, pp1013-1016, December 2009. doi 10.2144/000113271, PubMed 20047202 PDF (Supplementary Material).
  Also BioData Mining article on mycoplasma in the 1000 genomes project.

• Probes containing runs of guanine provide insights into the biophysics and bioinformatics of Affymetrix GeneChips, William B. Langdon and Graham J. G. Upton and Andrew P. Harrison, Briefings in Bioinformatics, 2009 10(3):259-277 doi:10.1093/bib/bbp018
• G-spots cause incorrect expression measurement in Affymetrix microarrays, Graham J.G. Upton, William B. Langdon, Andrew P. Harrison, BMC Genomics, 9:613, 2008. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-9-613
  BBC news on Quadruple helix
• Widespread existence of uncorrelated probe intensities from within the same probeset on Affymetrix GeneChips, Olivia Sanchez-Graillet, Joanna Rowsell, William B. Langdon, Maria A. Stalteri, Jose M. Arteaga Salas, Graham J.G. Upton, Andrew P. Harrison, Journal of Integrative Bioinformatics, 5(2):98, 2008.
  Presented at IB'08.
• An overview of image-processing methods for Affymetrix GeneChips, Jose M. Arteaga-Salas and Harry Zuzan and William B. Langdon and Graham J. G. Upton and Andrew P. Harrison, Briefings in Bioinformatics 2008 9(1) 25-33. doi:10.1093/bib/bbm055 Pre-publication PDF.
  Mentioned in Biophotonics International, "GeneChip image processing" March 2008, page 56.
• Identification of spatial biases in Affymetrix oligonucleotide microarrays, Jose M. Arteaga-Salas and William B. Langdon and Graham J. G. Upton and Andrew P. Harrison, CAMDA-2008, (slides pdf), David P Kreil and Joaquin Dopazo eds., 25-29, 4-6 Dec, Vienna.
• Accelerating Genetic Programming through Graphics Processing Units, Wolfgang Banzhaf and Simon Harding and William B. Langdon and Garnett Wilson, Genetic Programming Theory and Practice VI, Rick L. Riolo and Terence Soule and Bill Worzel eds., chapter 15, 229--249, 15-17 May, Ann Arbor, Springer DOI.
• Effect of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) in Affymetrix probes, Olivia Sanchez-Graillet and William B. Langdon and Andrew P. Harrison, CAMDA-2008, David P Kreil and Joaquin Dopazo eds., 43-47, 4-6 Dec, Vienna.
• Genetic Programming An Introductory Tutorial and a Survey of Techniques and Applications, R. Poli and W. B. Langdon and N. F. McPhee and John R. Koza, Technical report CES-475, Computing and Electronic Systems, University of Essex, UK, Oct 2007.
• The Genetic Programming Collaboration Network and its Communities. L. Luthi, M. Tomassini, M. Giacobini and W. B. Langdon, GECCO, pages 1643-1650, London, 7-11 July 2007. PDF PDF demo
• The Structure of the Genetic Programming Collaboration Network. Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines, 8(1) pp97-103 2007. Marco Tomassini, Leslie Luthi, Mario Giacobini and William B. Langdon doi:10.1007/s10710-006-9018-2 arXiv:0704.0551
  GP collaboration dataset
• Markov Chain Models of Bare-Bones Particle Swarm Optimizers. R. Poli and W. B. Langdon, GECCO, pages 142-149, London, 7-11 July 2007. PDF
• On the Limiting Distribution of Program Sizes in Tree-based Genetic Programming, R. Poli and W. B. Langdon and Stephen Dignum, Best paper award at EuroGP 2007 pp 193-204, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-71605-1_18
  Technical report CSM-464, Computer Science, University of Essex, UK, Dec 2006.
• Continuous Optimisation Theory Made Easy? Finite-element Models of Evolutionary Strategies, Genetic Algorithms and Particle Swarm Optimizers. R. Poli and W. B. Langdon and M. Clerc and C. R. Stephens, Foundations of Genetic Algorithms 9, Mexico, 7-11 January 2007. LNCS 4436, p165-193, C. R. Stephens et al. (Eds.) Springer-Verlag. PDF doi:10.1007/978-3-540-73482-6_10
• Backward-chaining Evolutionary Algorithms, Riccardo Poli and William B. Langdon, Artificial Intelligence, 170(11) pp953-982, August 2006. (PDF)
• Communication, Leadership, Publicity and Group Formation in Particle Swarms, Riccardo Poli and William B. Langdon and Paul Marrow and Jim Kennedy and Maurice Clerc and Dan Bratton and Nick Holden, ANTS 2006. Springer, LNCS 4150, pp132-143, Brussels, 4-7 September.
  Technical report CSM-453, Computer Science, University of Essex, UK, May 2006.
• Emergent Behaviour, Population-based Search and Low-pass Filtering R. Poli, A. H. Wright, N. F. McPhee and W. B. Langdon 2006 IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence CEC-2006 Vancouver, BC, Canada July 16-21, 2006 pp395-402. PDF (slides).
  Emergent Behaviour, Population-based Search and Low-pass Filtering Riccardo Poli and Alden H. Wright and Nicholas F. McPhee and William B. Langdon Technical report CSM-446, Computer Science, University of Essex, UK, Feb 2006.
• Efficient Markov chain model of machine code program execution and halting, Riccardo Poli and William B. Langdon, in Genetic Programming Theory and Practice IV, Rick L. Riolo and Terence Soule and Bill Worzel (editors), pages 257-278 Springer-Verlag. Presented GPTP 2006.
• An elementary formulation of Riemann's Zeta function, Riccardo Poli and W. B. Langdon, Technical report CSM-442, Computer Science, University of Essex, UK, Dec 2005.
  arXiv.org > math >  math/0701160
• Advances in the Application of Machine Learning Techniques in Drug Discovery, Design and Development, S. J. Barrett and W. B. Langdon, WSC10: 10th Online World Conference on Soft Computing in Industrial Applications .
  Published as "Advances in the Application of Machine Learning Techniques in Drug Discovery, Design and Development", S. J. Barrett and W. B. Langdon in "Applications of Soft Computing: Recent Trends" Ashutosh Tiwari, Joshua Knowles, Erel Avineri, Keshav Dahal and Rajkumar Roy (editors), Springer 2006, pages 99-110. PDF
• Evolution of Force-Generating Equations for PSO using GP, Cecilia Di Chio, Riccardo Poli, William B. Langdon, AI*IA 2005 Workshop on Evolutionary Computation Winner of best paper award.
• Running Genetic Programming Backward, Riccardo Poli and William B. Langdon, GP theory and Practise workshop, Chapter 9, pp 125-140, 12-14 May 2005, Ann Arbor. Springer See also technical report CSM-425.
• Backward-chaining Genetic Programming, Riccardo Poli and William B. Langdon, GECCO-2005, pages 1777-1778.
• Exploring Extended Particle Swarms: A Genetic Programming Approach, Riccardo Poli, Cecilia Di Chio, William B. Langdon, GECCO-2005, pages 169-176.
• Extending Particle Swarm Optimisation via Genetic Programming. Riccardo Poli, William B. Langdon, Owen Holland, EuroGP-2005, pages 291-300, PDF
• An Estimation of Distribution Algorithm Based on Maximum Entropy, Alden Wright, Riccardo Poli, Christopher R. Stephens, W. B. Langdon and Sandeep Pulavarty, GECCO-2004 LNCS 3102, 343-354
• BioRAT: extracting biological information from full-length papers, David P.A. Corney, Bernard F. Buxton, William B. Langdon, and David T. Jones Bioinformatics 2004 20(17):3206-3213 pre-print PDF doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bth386
  UCL-CS Technical Report RN/03/17 pdf (2003).
• Multi-classifier Fusion by Genetic Programming, B. F. Buxton and W. B. Langdon, Abstract
• Data Fusion by Intelligent Classifier Combination B. F. Buxton and W. B. Langdon and S. J. Barrett, Measurement and Control, vol 34, no. 8, p229-234, October 2001. preprint prn.gz DOI PDF
  Awarded best paper prize by the Worshipful Company of Scientific Instrument Makers.
• Measuring Facial Emotional Expressions Using Genetic Programming, A. Loizides and M. Slater and W. B. Langdon, in Soft Computing and Industry Recent Applications Rajkumar Roy, Mario Koppen, Seppo Ovaska, Takeshi Furuhashi, Frank Hoffmann (editors), pages 545-554, Springer-Verlag, 2002. Presented at WSC6.
• Some considerations on the reason for bloat, W. Banzhaf and W. B. Langdon, Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines 3 (1), 2002. doi:10.1023/A:1014548204452
• GP-Beagle: A Benchmarking Problem Repository for the Genetic Programming Community, Robert Feldt, Michael O'Neill, Conor Ryan, Peter Nordin and William Langdon, GECCO'2000 late breaking paper, p90-97, 8 July (pdf).
• Sander M. Bohte and William B. Langdon and Han La Poutre On Current Technology for Information Filtering and User Profiling in Agent-Based Systems, Part I: A Perspective, TA internal (PDF) January 2000.
• Martijn C. J. Bot and William B. Langdon, Application of Genetic Programming to Induction of Linear Classification Trees, EuroGP'2000, pages 247-258, Springer. ps-file
• Martijn Bot and William B. Langdon Application of Genetic Programming to Induction of Linear Classification Trees (presented at BNAIC'99)
• Riccardo Poli, Jonathan Page and W. B. Langdon Smooth Uniform Crossover, Sub-Machine Code GP and Demes: A Recipe For Solving High-Order Boolean Parity Problems CSRP-99-2 Presented at GECCO'99
• Fuey Sian Chong and W. B. Langdon Java based Distributed Genetic Programming on the Internet CSRP-99-7 Presented at GECCO'99
• Lee Spector, W. B. Langdon, Una-May O'Reilly, and Peter J. Angeline. An introduction to the third volume. In Lee Spector, William B. Langdon, Una-May O'Reilly, and Peter J. Angeline, editors, Advances in Genetic Programming 3, chapter 1, pages 1-12. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, May 1999.
• Riccardo Poli and William B. Langdon. Sub-machine-code genetic programming. In Lee Spector, William B. Langdon, Una-May O'Reilly, and Peter J. Angeline, editors, Advances in Genetic Programming 3, chapter 13, pages 301-323. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, May 1999.
• J. Page, R. Poli, and W. B. Langdon. Smooth uniform crossover with smooth point mutation in genetic programming: A preliminary study. In Riccardo Poli, Peter Nordin, William B. Langdon, and Terence C. Fogarty, editors, Genetic Programming, Proceedings of EuroGP'99, volume 1598 of LNCS, pages 39-49, Goteborg, Sweden, 26-27 May 1999. Springer-Verlag.
• Riccardo Poli and W. B. Langdon A Review of Theoretical and Experimental Results on Schemata in Genetic Programming (CSRP-97-27) Presented at EuroGP '98.
• Riccardo Poli and W. B. Langdon On the Search Properties of Different Crossover Operators in Genetic Programming. Presented at GP-98 (GP-98 paper).
  Cf. CSRP-98-7 On the Ability to Search the Space of Programs of Standard, One-point and Uniform Crossover in Genetic Programming
• Riccardo Poli W. B. Langdon, and Una-May O'Reilly, Short Term Extinction Probability of Newly Created Schemata, and Schema Variance and Signal-to-Noise-Ratio Theorems in the Presence of Schema Creation, CSRP-98-6. Presented at GP-98.
• Riccardo Poli and W. B. Langdon, Genetic Programming with One-Point Crossover and Point Mutation, CSRP-97-8. In WSC2.
• Riccardo Poli and W. B. Langdon An Experimental Analysis of Schema Creation, Propagation and Disruption in Genetic Programming CSRP-97-8 (A shorter version was presented at ICGA-97).
• Riccardo Poli and W. B. Langdon A New Schema Theory for Genetic Programming with One-Point Crossover and Point Mutation CSRP-97-03 (A shorter version was presented at GP-97).